Blood sugar regulation cycle

Blood sugar regulation is the process by which the levels of glucose are maintained by the body.

Mechanisms of blood sugar regulation
Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in balance. The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by the cells in the pancreas. If the blood glucose level falls to dangerous levels (as in very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the Alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a hormone which alerts the liver to increase blood glucose levels. The liver cells convert glycogen storage into glucose. The glucose is released into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels.

There are also several other causes for an increase in blood sugar levels. Among them are the "stress" hormones such as adrenaline, several of the steroids, infections, trauma, and, of course, the ingestion of food.

When levels of blood sugar rise, whether as a result of glycogen conversion, or from digestion of a meal, a different hormone is released from Beta cells found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This hormone, insulin, causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen, and to force about 2/3 of body cells (primarily muscle and fat tissue cells) to take up glucose from the blood, thus decreasing blood sugar levels. Insulin also provides signals to several other body systems, and is the chief regulatory metabolic control in humans.

Type 1 diabetes is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 diabetes is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance).

Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many of the same complications. Also, too much insulin and/or exercise without enough corresponding food intake in diabetics can result in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).rmon